Quick Answer: Review Onion Skin Poly Mailers Durability
The first time I pulled a sample of these out of a carton in our Shenzhen facility on Qianhai Road, I laughed. They felt like they’d wrinkle if you looked at them wrong. Then we ran them through a brutal drop-and-drag test against a concrete floor, and review onion skin Poly Mailers Durability got a lot more interesting. Thin does not always mean weak. That little detail has saved more than one apparel brand from overpaying for packaging they didn’t need, especially when the target price is under $0.20 per unit at 5,000 pieces.
I still remember standing there with a clipboard, expecting the bags to fail dramatically, and instead watching a plain little mailer shrug off a test I thought would tear it open. Honestly, that annoyed me a bit. I had already written a smug note to myself. But that’s packaging for you: it keeps embarrassing assumptions for lunch, and it does it with a 0.06 mm film and a surprisingly clean side seam.
Here’s the straight verdict from my side: review onion skin poly mailers durability usually ends with a “yes, but only for the right products.” They’re a solid fit for lightweight apparel, socks, scarves, flat merch, and soft goods that don’t have sharp corners. They are a bad idea for heavy books, rigid boxes, metal accessories, or anything that can punch through the film from the inside. I’ve seen a 0.06 mm onion skin-style mailer survive cross-country carrier handling from Shenzhen to Chicago just fine with a folded T-shirt inside. I’ve also seen one split along the side seam because a client stuffed in a boxed candle like they were trying to win a packaging Olympics nobody asked for.
The durability basics are simple, even if the marketing copy tries to make them mystical. You want to look at tear resistance, puncture resistance, seal strength, and the actual film thickness in microns or mils. A mailer can look delicate and still hold up if the polymer blend is decent and the seam is well-made. Thin film, though, leaves less room for error. If the product has a hard edge, the mailer has less room to absorb abuse. That’s where a lot of buyers get burned, especially if the bag is produced with a 350gsm C1S artboard insert inside the pack rather than a soft textile load.
For brands asking me whether to order them, my answer is pretty blunt. Buy them if you ship soft, lightweight items and want lower postage, cleaner packing, and better shelf presentation. Skip them if your product shifts around, has edges, or already gets returned a lot because the packaging is too flimsy. And yes, adhesive matters. Store them in a hot warehouse for six weeks and watch the self-seal strip start acting like it has trust issues. Heat and humidity can weaken adhesive performance, especially if pallets sit near dock doors or under skylights. I’ve had one client in Dallas lose a whole batch of closure reliability after summer storage. That was an expensive lesson at about $1,800 in replacement shipments, and the replacement run took 14 business days from proof approval.
If you want my honest one-line review: review onion skin poly mailers durability is favorable for soft, low-risk goods, but the thin look is misleading, and the fit has to be right or the whole thing becomes a false economy. In practical terms, the best-performing batches I’ve seen came out of factories in Shenzhen and Dongguan with thickness control held within ±0.01 mm.
Top Options Compared for Onion Skin Poly Mailers
When people say “onion skin,” they usually mean a light, flexible poly mailer with a thinner feel than the heavy-duty alternatives. But there are actually a few lanes here, and they behave differently in transit. In my supplier meetings, I usually separate them into three buckets: standard onion skin poly mailers, extra-thick versions, and recycled-content options. That’s the only way to make a sane buying decision. Otherwise you end up comparing apples to a crumpled shopping bag and wondering why the failure rate is different, which is how a $0.15 unit price suddenly turns into a $0.23 landed-cost headache.
Standard onion skin poly mailers are the lowest weight and usually the cheapest. They work best for tees, leggings, socks, and flat accessories. Extra-thick versions add a little more puncture resistance and better confidence during rough handling. Recycled-content options matter for brands with sustainability targets, but the film can feel less slippery and sometimes a touch less crisp in print if the resin blend is inconsistent. I’ve seen recycled-content runs that looked great and others that came out a little cloudy. That depends on the supplier, not the philosophy, and it often comes down to whether the resin was blended in Ningbo or sourced from a secondary plant in Jiangsu.
Carrier handling is the real judge here. FedEx and UPS automated sortation does not care about your branding deck. Boxes and sacks get dropped, pinched, and shoved. The mailer that survives best is usually the one with a slightly thicker film, a clean side seam, and an adhesive strip that actually bonds after one press. If you’re shipping through rough lanes or long zones, extra-thick wins. If your orders are domestic and light, standard is usually enough. For climate-conscious brands, recycled-content is fine if the supplier can prove consistent gauge control. Ask for ASTM-style test data if they have it, or at least a written thickness tolerance, such as 0.06 mm nominal with a ±5% variance.
Print quality varies too. Standard film usually gives the sharpest logo edges because it lays flat more easily. Extra-thick film can hide a little less because the surface has more body, which sounds odd until you’ve printed 8,000 units and watched a weak film wrinkle under the press. Recycled-content mailers can take ink well, but opacity sometimes drops. If you need privacy for apparel or beauty items, test black fill or a denser base color before committing. A supplier in Guangzhou once showed me a recycled batch that looked perfect under LED lights but turned blotchy under natural daylight near the loading bay at 3:00 p.m.
Custom sizing changes durability more than most buyers realize. Too much empty space means the product slides around and hammers the corners. Too tight, and the seal gets stressed. A mailer sized to the product plus 0.5 to 1.0 inch on each side usually performs better than a “close enough” standard size. That tiny gap is the difference between a neat closure and a seam under tension. I’ve watched one brand reduce damage claims by 31% simply by moving from an oversized 10 x 13 inch mailer to a better-fit 9 x 12.5 inch custom run. Same film. Better fit. Fewer headaches. Their total freight bill also dropped by $420 in one month because the lighter, smaller packout fit more units per carton.
| Option | Typical Thickness | Best For | Durability Notes | Relative Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard onion skin poly mailers | 0.05-0.06 mm | Tees, socks, flat apparel | Good tear performance if product is soft and sized correctly | $ |
| Extra-thick onion skin poly mailers | 0.07-0.09 mm | Leggings, hoodies, multi-item orders | Better puncture resistance and seal confidence | $$ |
| Recycled-content onion skin poly mailers | 0.05-0.08 mm | Sustainability-focused brands | Performance varies by resin blend and supplier QA | $$ |
For brands looking at broader packaging mixes, I usually point them to Custom Packaging Products if they need more than just mailers, or to Custom Poly Mailers if the goal is to spec out a tailored shipping solution instead of buying off the shelf. And if you care about shipping standards, the ISTA testing framework is worth a read at ista.org. It beats guessing. Guessing is how you end up paying freight on broken inventory, sometimes twice if the carton line in Newark or Atlanta gets a rough handoff.
Detailed Reviews: Review Onion Skin Poly Mailers Durability by Use Case
Let me break this down the way I do for clients who send samples to my old office table in quantities of 50 or 100. Review onion skin poly mailers durability changes a lot depending on what’s inside. Same mailer. Different outcome. The product shape, weight, and movement inside the bag are what decide whether the shipment arrives clean or chewed up, and the difference between a 150-gram pack and a 420-gram pack is not academic.
Apparel
For apparel, review onion skin poly mailers durability is generally positive. Tees, tanks, pajamas, and folded activewear do well because the product is soft and compressible. A 0.06 mm film is usually enough for most direct-to-consumer clothing brands. If you’re shipping a hoodie, I prefer stepping up to a thicker version, especially if the hoodie has zipper pulls or drawcord hardware. Those little bits can work like tiny knives against the film during machine sorting.
I once sat in on a client meeting where the brand owner insisted their $42 fleece could go out in the thinnest possible mailer because “it’s only one hoodie.” Three weeks later, the return rate told a different story. The film was fine. The packing method was lazy. They had stuffed too much air in the bag and let the garment shift around. Durability is not just material. It’s also packout discipline, and a packout standard written in plain language can cut customer complaints by 20% or more.
Verdict: good fit for most apparel, borderline for heavier fleece, bad idea if the item has sharp hardware exposed.
Socks and soft accessories
Socks, scarves, beanies, headbands, and fabric accessories are where onion skin mailers feel almost unfairly efficient. These products barely stress the film. In those cases, review onion skin poly mailers durability usually comes back with “strong enough, save your money.” You do not need military-grade packaging for a pair of socks. I know, shocking. If the order is two or three lightweight items totaling under 8 oz, the thinner option usually wins on both cost and postage.
The one caution is overstuffing. If you cram in 10 pairs of socks and force the seal shut, the adhesive strip starts fighting tension immediately. That’s how you get open seams in transit. For very small items, a custom size is often smarter than padding out a larger stock mailer with void fill or folded inserts. A stock 6 x 9 inch bag is often enough for accessories, while a 10 x 13 inch bag can feel like renting a warehouse for a shoebox.
Verdict: good fit, especially for low-value soft goods.
Books and flat merch
Books are where I start getting cautious. A single paperback can be fine. A hardcover with a corner? Different story. Review onion skin poly mailers durability for books depends on the edges. Corners are the enemy. A drop from 36 inches, followed by compression in a tote or conveyor bin, can create punctures at the folds. The film may survive the drop, but the corner edge can still pierce it later, especially if the route goes through a hub in Memphis or Ontario, California.
For posters, zines, and flat merch, onion skin mailers can work if the material stays flat and there are no tubes, clips, or rigid inserts. But I’d want a proper fit and maybe a slightly thicker gauge. If the merch has foil stamping or a hard insert, I’d rather use a more protective mailer or a carton. Cheap packaging that triggers damage claims is not cheap. It’s just delayed spending, and delayed spending often lands on the finance team three weeks after launch.
Verdict: borderline for books, good for flat paper goods with no sharp edges.
Beauty items
Beauty is trickier. Sachets and sheet masks? Fine. Bottles, jars, compacts, and anything glass or acrylic? No. Review onion skin poly mailers durability for beauty items often fails because the product itself is too rigid, not because the film is terrible. A plastic jar corner or a lip balm cap can stress the bag in a way that soft goods never do.
If the product is very light and fully boxed, the mailer can still work. But I’d want internal protection, especially if the shipment travels through three distribution points before delivery. That’s where the ASTM D4169 style thinking comes in: vibration, compression, drop. Real transit is never one thing. It’s all three, and sometimes in the same afternoon. One brand I worked with in Los Angeles moved from loose beauty inserts to a tighter fold and saw breakage claims fall by 18% within one quarter.
Verdict: good only for lightweight, non-fragile beauty items; bad idea for rigid containers unless boxed first.
Lightweight merch and promo kits
Promo kits are where buyers get creative and then blame the mailer later. Stickers, postcards, patches, and fabric samples are fine. Add a metal pin, a candle, and a sample bottle, and you’ve built a failure test. Review onion skin poly mailers durability here depends on restraint. If the kit stays soft and flat, the mailer performs. If it gets bulky or sharp, the mailer loses.
One client negotiated with me for 12,000 printed mailers because they wanted a “premium unboxing” on a budget. I told them to save the cash and spend it on better insert design. They ignored that advice, packed the kit with three hard objects, and then spent $2,400 replacing damaged sets. A prettier bag does not fix physics, and a 0.08 mm film in a bad configuration won’t save a kit assembled in a hurry on a Thursday afternoon in Guangzhou.
Verdict: good fit for soft promo kits, bad idea for mixed hard goods.
Printing and laminate choices matter more than most people admit. Heavy ink coverage can reduce flexibility a bit, especially on thinner film. If the artwork lays down like a full flood coat, you lose some stretch. Same with certain matte finishes That Feel Premium but can add stiffness. That doesn’t mean custom print is dangerous. It just means you should test the actual production build, not a hand-cut sample from a sales desk. I’ve seen custom runs with clean logos and no measurable performance loss, and I’ve seen rushed overprints turn a mailer from flexible to cranky. Ask for a production sample. Not a promise.
For carrier stress and packaging performance standards, the Packaging Corporation’s industry resources are useful for keeping the conversation grounded in actual material behavior instead of marketing fluff. Yes, I said it. Marketing fluff is cheap. Freight on re-shipments is not, especially when a bad run moves through Richmond, Dallas, and Chicago in the same week.
How Durable Are Onion Skin Poly Mailers for Shipping?
For a featured-snippet style answer, the short version is this: onion skin poly mailers are durable enough for soft, lightweight goods, but their durability drops fast with sharp edges, bulky loads, or poor sizing. That is the cleanest way to think about it, and it matches what I see in factory tests more often than not.
Review onion skin poly mailers durability comes down to the balance between film thickness, seal quality, and what the product does inside the bag. If the shipment is flat and compressible, these mailers can survive routine carrier handling very well. If the item shifts, bends, or pushes outward, weak points appear at the corners and seams. A mailer that looks thin on a bench can still perform if the packout is disciplined and the closure is strong. A mailer that feels thicker can still fail if the sizing is sloppy or the adhesive strip is inconsistent.
The practical test is simple. If you can drop the sealed bag a few times, stack it under moderate weight, and see no seam failure, it is probably a fit for soft goods. If the product feels like it wants to escape, choose heavier film or a stronger package format. That’s the whole story, minus the supplier drama and freight invoices.
Price Comparison: What Onion Skin Poly Mailers Really Cost
Let’s talk money, because everyone pretends packaging is a small line item until they need 25,000 pieces and suddenly the budget committee develops a pulse. Review onion skin poly mailers durability only makes sense if the price fits the product. If you’re shipping a $24 T-shirt, you do not need a $0.45 mailer unless your brand math really supports it. If you’re shipping a $180 clothing set, spending a few extra cents can be a smart move, especially if the carton leaves a factory in Dongguan and lands in a fulfillment center near Indianapolis.
At low quantities, stock mailers are the cheapest route. I’ve seen plain onion skin-style mailers land around $0.16 to $0.22 per unit for small runs, depending on size and thickness. Custom-printed versions can land in the $0.28 to $0.55 per unit range at moderate quantities, especially if you want a specific size, custom logo, and good adhesive. Heavier alternatives can move into the $0.40 to $0.75 per unit range fast. And yes, freight adds up. One LCL shipment from Guangdong to Los Angeles can tack on $180 to $650 depending on consolidation, fuel, and whether your forwarder is feeling generous, which they usually aren’t. If you order 5,000 pieces at $0.15 per unit, that is $750 before freight, duties, and cartons.
The hidden costs matter more than the unit quote. There’s setup, plate or print prep, overage, sample freight, and replacement shipments when a batch fails. I had one buyer brag about saving $0.03 a unit by switching suppliers. Then their closure adhesive failed in summer storage and they paid $1,100 in rushed reships. Great savings. Awesome math. Terrible business. The replacement order alone took 13 business days from proof approval because the artwork had to be corrected twice.
| Mailing Option | Low Qty Cost | Mid Qty Cost | Bulk Cost | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stock onion skin poly mailers | $0.16-$0.22 | $0.12-$0.18 | $0.09-$0.14 | Fastest to buy, least customization |
| Custom-printed onion skin poly mailers | $0.28-$0.55 | $0.19-$0.34 | $0.14-$0.26 | Better branding, higher setup and proofing effort |
| Heavier poly mailers | $0.40-$0.75 | $0.28-$0.48 | $0.22-$0.39 | More protection, higher postage risk if oversized |
MOQ changes everything. A supplier might quote 5,000 pieces at one price and 20,000 pieces at a completely different number because printing waste, film procurement, and carton packing efficiency all shift. If you need 2,000 units, you’re usually paying a premium. If you can stretch to 10,000, the per-unit price often drops enough to cover the extra inventory. That’s why I always ask brands to calculate landed cost, not just factory cost. Landed cost means unit price plus freight, duties if applicable, and the cost of mistakes. In a recent quote from Yiwu, the difference between 5,000 and 20,000 pieces was 19 cents per unit, which is not small when your total annual volume is 60,000 bags.
There’s also a choice between stock and custom. Stock is cheaper today. Custom can be smarter over time if it reduces damage, improves brand presentation, or lowers the need for extra inserts. A few cents more per unit can make sense when the mailer is doing three jobs at once: shipping, branding, and protection. Just don’t pretend a printed bag solves poor fulfillment. Nothing does that except training and process control, and no supplier in Shenzhen or Foshan can fix a rushed warehouse team in one print run.
How to Choose the Right Onion Skin Poly Mailer
Choosing the right mailer starts with product dimensions, not with a logo mockup. That’s the part buyers keep getting backwards. Measure the product in its packed form, including any tissue, insert card, polybag, or folding method. Then add a little room for closure without ballooning the bag. For most apparel, that means the mailer should be just large enough to avoid forcing the seal while still keeping the product snug. If the product rattles, you’ve already lost some of the durability game, and the carrier doesn’t need much encouragement to make it worse.
For review onion skin poly mailers durability, thickness is only one lever. Seal type matters too. Self-seal adhesive is easy and fast, but only if the strip is clean and the release paper peels properly. Heat-seal options give a more permanent closure, which I like for fulfillment lines that can handle the equipment. A heat-sealed closure usually resists tampering better, but it adds labor and equipment cost. There’s no magic. Just tradeoffs, and a heat sealer in a Toronto or Atlanta warehouse will usually cost more up front than the adhesive strip ever will.
Opacity matters if you ship anything private, premium, or colorful. A thin film with poor opacity can show silhouettes, which some brands hate. For cosmetics, underwear, or luxury apparel, this is not a small issue. I’ve had a retail client in Chicago reject a batch because the white film looked “gray and tired” under store lights. That was a color problem, but it also showed that print coverage and film density affect perception. Buyers think they’re just buying protection. They’re also buying brand feeling. The two things overlap, and a bad white ink laydown can make a $0.18 bag look like a clearance item.
Tamper resistance is another factor. If the seal can be opened and reclosed too easily, it’s not ideal for high-value goods. A strong adhesive strip with a secure closure line is usually enough for soft goods. For anything more valuable, use a more secure packaging setup. Poly mailers are not a vault. They’re mailers, and I would never use one for a product that justifies a 2.5 mm corrugated carton with corner protection.
Here’s the timeline I give most custom clients:
- Sampling: 3 to 7 business days for stock samples, longer if a custom size needs die adjustments.
- Proofing: 1 to 3 business days if artwork is clean, longer if you’re changing Pantone colors or correcting dielines.
- Production: 12 to 18 business days for a normal custom run, depending on order size and supplier load.
- Transit: 4 to 10 business days by express, 25 to 35 days by ocean if you’re importing in volume.
- Receiving and inspection: 1 to 2 days, unless you actually check the cartons and discover the print is off by a mile.
Common mistakes? I’ve seen plenty. Ordering the wrong size. Picking a film that looks good in a sample but fails when folded. Ignoring adhesive performance in hot weather. Forgetting that overfilled mailers stress the seams. Skipping a drop test because the sample “felt fine.” Feeling is not testing. Testing is testing. One brand in Miami saved nearly $3,000 by catching a seam weakness during pre-production instead of after 8,000 units were already in cartons.
If you want a sustainability benchmark, FSC is helpful for paper components in broader packaging systems, though poly mailers themselves are a different conversation. For resource and waste considerations, the EPA’s packaging waste information is worth reviewing at epa.gov. No, it won’t pick the right size for you. But it will remind everyone that waste has a cost, even when finance tries to pretend otherwise, and the same logic applies whether your supplier is in Guangdong, Taiwan, or Mexico City.
Our Recommendation After Testing Onion Skin Poly Mailers
After testing, handling, and watching way too many mailers get abused on purpose, my recommendation is simple. Review onion skin poly mailers durability points to a clear winner for most e-commerce brands: a standard-to-midweight onion skin mailer with a well-tested self-seal adhesive and a fit that’s not sloppy. That’s the best all-around choice for soft goods, apparel, and low-risk flat items. It gives you enough protection without forcing you to pay for thicker film you won’t use, and it usually keeps the landed cost in the $0.12 to $0.20 range once volume passes 10,000 pieces.
Best budget choice? Standard stock mailers, plain or lightly printed, if your product is soft and your shipping route is short. Best protection choice? The extra-thick version with cleaner seams and stronger adhesive, especially for apparel bundles, slightly heavier soft goods, or shipping lanes known for rough handling. I would not pay for extra thickness on a pair of socks. I would absolutely pay for it on a multi-item hoodie order headed through a long carrier chain from Shenzhen to New Jersey, where a rough sort in Philadelphia can expose any weakness fast.
My manufacturer-side opinion is blunt: onion skin mailers are a smart buy when the product fits the packaging and the transit risk is modest. They are a false economy when brands use them to save pennies on shipments that clearly need more protection. I’ve watched companies spend $600 on prettier printing and then refuse to spend $0.04 more on better film. That’s backwards. Spend where the failure cost is highest, especially when the failure cost includes refunds, redelivery, and a customer service queue that grows by 200 tickets overnight.
If you want a quick decision tree, use this:
- Soft apparel, low weight, short transit: standard onion skin poly mailer.
- Apparel bundles, midweight soft goods, rough carrier handling: extra-thick onion skin poly mailer.
- Eco-focused brand with stable product mix: recycled-content option, but sample it hard before ordering.
- Sharp, rigid, fragile, or high-value items: skip onion skin and move to stronger packaging.
Honestly, I think review onion skin poly mailers durability lands in the “good, if used correctly” category. Not glamorous. Not magical. Just practical. And practical packaging usually wins because it keeps both freight and damage claims under control, which is the real point whether you’re shipping from a warehouse in Houston or a fulfillment center in Liverpool.
Next Steps Before You Order Onion Skin Poly Mailers
Before you place an order, measure your product in its final packed form. Not the product on your desk. The product after folding, bagging, inserting, and sealing. Then request samples from at least two suppliers and test the closure on each one. Ask for thickness spec in microns or mils, not vague nonsense like “premium grade.” Suppliers love that word because it costs them nothing. You should love hard numbers because they tell you whether the film is 0.05 mm or 0.08 mm, and whether the run came out of a stable line in Dongguan or a less consistent job shop in Hebei.
Run a simple drop test. Six drops from about 30 to 36 inches is enough to tell you a lot about seam performance and puncture risk. If you can, also simulate compression by stacking cartons or placing a weighted box on top of sealed samples. That’s how transit behaves. Not kindly. Not politely. Carriers do not care about your brand story, and a 2 kg stack on top of a thin bag will expose weak adhesive within minutes.
Ask about lead time, production capacity, and replacement policy before approving a full run. I want suppliers to tell me their actual timeline from proof approval to ship date, and I want that in writing. If you need custom sizing or special color matching, budget extra time. A rushed order usually costs more. And if the print proof is wrong, stop and fix it. Don’t “just run it.” That’s how you end up with 10,000 bags in the wrong shade of black. A typical custom run should be quoted at 12 to 15 business days from proof approval, not “around two weeks” with no accountability.
Order a small pilot batch first if this is a new mailer structure or a new product category. I know it feels slower. It’s still cheaper than replacing damaged inventory after a full launch. Compare freight, proof accuracy, and replacement policy across suppliers. One supplier may quote $0.02 less per piece and then bury you in freight or make you eat the reprint cost when the color misses the target. That’s not a bargain. That’s a trap with a spreadsheet, and it often shows up first in a factory quote from Xiamen or a reseller in Bangkok.
Here’s the final takeaway: review onion skin poly mailers durability is strongest when you treat the mailer as part of the packing system, not as a cheap afterthought. Match the size, test the seal, check the thickness, and buy for the product you actually ship. That’s the practical route, and it saves money where it counts.
Are onion skin poly mailers durable enough for shipping clothing?
Yes, for most lightweight clothing and soft goods they hold up well if the size is right. They are not ideal for bulky or sharp-edged items that can stress the seams. A good seal and proper fill size matter as much as the film thickness, and a 0.06 mm mailer is often enough for tees, leggings, and folded pajamas.
How thick should onion skin poly mailers be for better durability?
Choose the thicker end of the range if your products move through rough handling or long transit routes. Thin mailers can work for very light items, but the safety margin is smaller. Ask suppliers for actual micron or mil specs instead of vague marketing language, and aim for 0.07-0.09 mm if you need extra puncture resistance.
Do custom printed onion skin poly mailers lose strength?
Printing itself usually does not weaken the mailer much if the material and ink process are done correctly. Overprinting, heavy ink coverage, or poor curing can affect flexibility and seal performance. Request samples and test folds, drops, and adhesive closure before ordering in bulk, especially if the supplier is promising a 15-business-day turnaround from approval.
What affects the price of onion skin poly mailers the most?
Quantity, size, thickness, and whether the mailers are stock or custom printed are the biggest drivers. Freight and setup charges can change the real landed cost more than the unit price. Lower MOQ options usually cost more per piece, and quotes can shift from $0.22 to $0.15 per unit when you move from 1,000 to 5,000 pieces.
How long does it take to order custom onion skin poly mailers?
Timeline usually depends on proof approval, production schedule, and shipping method. Sampling and revisions can add days or weeks before the main run starts. Plan for extra time if you need custom sizing, special finishes, or tight color matching, and expect 12 to 15 business days from proof approval for a normal factory run in southern China.